Su búsqueda

The article presents an overview of important knowledge regarding metacognition and its relation to exceptional giftedness. Basic aspects of metacognition are defined and briefly described in accordance with the historical development and current notions of this construct. The following text deals with how much gifted children differ from typical population in particular aspects of metacognition (declarative, procedural, etc.). Part of the article is dedicated to a concise delimitation of exceptional giftedness, mainly in view of the shift in expert opinions concerning the nature of this construct: from the classic Terman's conception, in which giftedness was defined solely as based on exceptional results in standardized IQ tests, to more modern approaches, which take into account also other cognitive achievements, and to a certain extent even non-intellectual factors such as motivation or creativity. The next part of the study therefore focuses on the significance of metacognition for giftedness viewed as “developing expertise”, which is the conception associated mainly with R. Sternberg. Finally, there is an outline of some implications for assessment and for psycho-educational practice. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract) Resumen en idioma originalČlánek přináší přehled významných poznatků týkajících se metakognice a jejího vztahu k mimořádnému nadání. Vymezeny a stručně popsány jsou základní aspekty metakognice, v souladu s historickým vývojem i s aktuálním pojetím tohoto konstruktu. Následně se text zabývá tím, nakolik se podle reprezentativních zahraničních empirických výzkumů v jednotlivých aspektech metakognice (deklarativních, procedurálních aj.) odlišují nadané děti od běžné populace. Část článku je věnována i stručnému vymeze ní mimořádného nadání, zejména s ohledem na posun v odborných názorech na povahu tohoto konstruktu: od klasického Termanova pojetí, v němž bylo nadání definováno výhradně na základě mimořádných výsledků dosažených ve standardizovaných inteligenčních testech, k modernějším přístupům, které zohledňují i jiné kognitivní výkony a do jisté míry i mimointelektové faktory, jakými jsou motivace či tvořivost. Další část studie je proto zaměřena na význam metakognice pro nadání chápané jako „rozvíjející se expertnost“, což je pojetí spojené zejména se jménem R. Sternberga. Na závěr jsou shrnuty některé implikace pro diagnostiku a pedagogicko- psychologickou praxi. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract)

[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 40(3) of Roeper Review: A Journal on Gifted Education (see record 2018-38625-011). In the original article, there was an error on page 80, left column, in a sentence beginning on the fourth line of the first paragraph under the heading “OUR TESTS OF SCIENTIFIC REASONING AND REASONING ABOUT TEACHING.” The correct text should read as follows: Instead of measuring general cognitive skills, we focused on the particular cognitive and scientific skills needed by scientists. (The descriptions below also provided the basis for analyses in Sternberg & Sternberg, 2017; Sternberg et al., 2017.) In addition, on page 79, left column, the heading “THEORY UNDERLYING OUR TESTS OF SCIENTIFIC REASONING AND REASONING ABOUT TEACHING” should have included the following footnote: The theory described in this section also has been used in prior analyses (Sternberg, 2017; Sternberg et al., 2017).] Giftedness in science today is largely measured by various kinds of standardized tests—IQ tests, SATs, ACTs, GREs, and so forth. For example, many STEM (science, technology, engineering, math) gifted programs rely at least in part on IQ tests or the SAT for identifying students as gifted. It might be useful to supplement such standard measures with measures that directly measure the skills involved in actual scientific work, such as (a) generating hypotheses, (b) generating experiments, (c) drawing conclusions, (d) reviewing (i.e., analyzing scientific work), (e) editing (i.e., evaluating reviews of scientific work), and (f) evaluating teaching. This article discusses the status of the measurement of scientific giftedness and also describes assessments designed to measure scientific giftedness as well as giftedness in evaluating teaching (an important component of scientific success). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract)

There is ample evidence that families are important in supporting the development of giftedness in children. Although there has been a great deal of research addressing individual and school factors in promoting giftedness, the role of parents and caregivers is comparatively underresearched, particularly in Australia. This study investigated the ways in which parents supported their children’s development, drawing on the educational and learning capital framework within the Actiotope Model of Giftedness. A qualitative design was adopted and semistructured interviews were conducted with 32 parents and caregivers. The data demonstrated that parents draw on all 10 educational and learning resources in creating favorable environments to support their children’s development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract)

Teachers are often asked to nominate students for enrichment programs for gifted children, and studies have repeatedly indicated that students’ intelligence is related to their likelihood of being nominated as gifted. However, it is unknown whether class-average levels of intelligence influence teachers’ nominations as suggested by theory—and corresponding empirical results—concerning reference group effects. Herein, it was hypothesized that when students’ individual fluid and crystallized intelligence scores were similar, students from classes with higher average levels of intelligence would have a lower probability of being nominated for an enrichment program for gifted children than students from classes with lower average levels of intelligence. Furthermore, we investigated whether 3 teacher variables—experience with giftedness, beliefs about the changeability of intelligence, and the belief that giftedness is holistic or domain specific—would influence the expected reference group effect. In a study comprising data from 105 teachers and 1,468 of their (German) third-grade students, we found support not only for a positive association between students’ individual intelligence scores and the probability that students would be nominated as gifted but also, more importantly, for the proposed reference group effect: When controlling for individual levels of intelligence, students’ probability of being nominated was higher in classes with lower average levels of intelligence. In addition, the results showed that this reference group effect was stronger when teachers saw giftedness as holistic rather than domain specific. Also, depending on teachers’ kinds of experience with giftedness, the reference group effect varied in size. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract)

This article deals with the problem of students’ giftedness development. Students’ test results (n = 851) for "IQ level" and "creativity level" indicators demonstrated the need to improve the quality of work in reference to students’ professional giftedness development at the university. Designed complex of pedagogical conditions involves students’ giftedness development on organizational-pedagogical, psycho-pedagogical and didactic levels. Results can be used in educational practice of higher educational institutions of any type as methodological recommendations in work organization with gifted students, as well as in specialists training. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract)

Studies investigating the life satisfaction of intellectually gifted and non-gifted students are scarce and often suffer from methodological shortcomings. We examined the life satisfaction of gifted and non-gifted adolescents using a rather unselected sample of N = 655 German high-school students ( n = 75 gifted), adequate comparison groups of non-gifted students, and a clear definition of giftedness (general intelligence g > 2 SD above the mean). There was no difference in life satisfaction between gifted and non-gifted adolescents ( d < |0.1|). Girls reported somewhat lower life satisfaction scores than boys ( d = 0.24). However, this result was not specific to giftedness but was instead found across the entire sample. Thus, gifted girls were not found to be especially unsatisfied with their lives. Our findings support previous research showing that giftedness is not a risk factor for impaired psycho-social well-being of boys or girls. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract)

Scientific research on giftedness has been profuse in the last few years. Unfortunately though, the conclusions one can draw from the literature in terms of cognitive and personality specificity of the gifted and talented often remain limited, due to methodological recurrent flaws. Here, we describe two of the most problematic such flaws: the variability of criteria used in the definition of giftedness, and the sampling of gifted children. We show that these flaws probably elicited false conclusions now widely held in the field of giftedness. Advice for a cautious analysis of existing literature and the design of future research is suggested. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract)

A qualitative, longitudinal, phenomenological case study explored how a gifted female experienced various life events and aspects of development during adolescence and young adulthood (ages 15–30 years), particularly as related to multiple traumatic experiences, which were revealed late in the first year of the study. Additional experiences, well into young adulthood, appear to have been precipitated by posttrauma phenomena, among them a sense of powerlessness, a need for control, extreme and confusing emotions and behaviors, disordered eating, and sensitivity to others’ responses. The control concern was manifested in a pervasive “sense of urgency,” which contributed to decisions that had particular impact on her development. Special attention is given to the intersection of giftedness and adversity, with reference to characteristics associated with giftedness. Method and findings begin to fill multiple gaps in the giftedness literature, but findings are generally supported by existing literature related to trauma and protective factors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract)

In this issue of High Ability Studies, various models of giftedness are empirically tested against one another. The authors examine how well various approaches are suited to predicting high achievement. They also consider how individual and environmental factors – as well as their systemic interaction – influence performance and how subjective theories help shape the development of achievement. In line with the tradition of this journal, the findings represent a wide variety of interesting results, the theoretical and practical relevance of which the authors discuss. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)

Traditionally the determination of the giftedness has performed with traditional intelligence tests. The main argument to do so has been the temporal stability of this measure. In recent years some authors defend a determination early giftedness in children, although others point out that toddlers evaluation produces a significant number of false positives due to the variability in the measurement of intelligence by different factors such as plasticity, stimulation, etc.., therefore proposed the use of complementary indices for giftedness diagnosis. This paper presents a longitudinal study of two years to 49 children aged between 5 and 9 years, initially identified as gifted, to check the stability of your IQ and other measures such as the learning potential and working memory. The results show how learning potential and working memory measures remain stable in time while the IQ of a group of younger children is not maintained during this period. These results indicate the usefulness of P.A. measures as a supplementary index in the determination of the giftedness on young children. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract)

Insight into causal mechanisms underlying underachievement among gifted students has remained elusive. Based on the premise of self-worth theory and implicit beliefs about intelligence, it was hypothesized that entity-focused messages about giftedness would lead to maladaptive academic coping behaviors when gifted status was threatened. Therefore, the current research examined the interactive effect of messages about giftedness as fixed or malleable and success or failure experiences on both behavioral and claimed self-handicapping among a sample of 108 undergraduates attending an elite university. Following a failure experience, participants who had heard an entity message about giftedness engaged in behavioral self-handicapping to a greater degree than those who heard an incremental message about giftedness. Female participants who received an entity message engaged in more claimed self-handicapping after experiencing failure and less claimed self-handicapping after experiencing success. There were no differences in claimed self-handicapping after success and failure for female participants who received an incremental message. This pattern is in line with an impression management strategy. In contrast, implicit messages did not influence male participants’ claimed self-handicapping. Implications for motivational theory and educational practice are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract)

Studies demonstrated that overexcitability (OE) is a strong predictor of giftedness. In order to perform a systematic review about OE instruments, articles containing terms overexcitability or overexcitabilities and assessment, measure or evaluation were retrieved in the databases CAPES Portal and Google Scholar. The scientific production about this issue seems to be increasing and it is predominantly composed of research reports conducted with samples of participants with giftedness. Only five measures of SE were identified: Overexcitability Questionnaire, Overexcitability Questionnaire Two, Me Scale, ElemenOE, and Adult Questionnaire. Criterion validity and internal consistency are the psychometric properties more described in the literature. Strengths, limitations, and the more appropriate uses of these tools are emphasized. The use of them to identify giftedness is emphasized. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract)

Background: Development of a creative personality is considered among the priority tasks for the modern education system of the Russian Federation. The article presents a critique of the education system imposed on Russia, which can be represented in the image of “up the stairs leading down”. The author emphasizes the relevance of providing the rationale for the essential factors in the educational process in order to ensure the development of students’ creative abilities, which should not be reduced only to the development of their intelligence. Objective: Identification and justification of the dominant factors in the educational process aimed at developing the students’ creative abilities. Study Participants: Children (from older preschoolers to school graduates), university students, and specialists of various occupations took part in the long-term research. The studies were carried out in Moscow and the Moscow region, as well as in other regions of the Russian Federation and abroad. Method: The author’s method “Creative Field” was implemented in a number of relevant techniques taking into account the age characteristics of the subjects. The techniques are based on different materials, which made it possible to conduct cross-sectional experimental studies on a large sample of subjects of different ages and professions, as well as a number of longitudinal studies lasting from 10 to 54 years. Results: The analysis of experimental studies shows that creativity as the ability to develop activity on one’s own initiative is possible only if there is a unity of the level of intelligence development corresponding to the task and the dominance of cognitive motivation in the personality structure. The integration of these factors determines the mechanism of creativity. The author has substantiated the dominant factors of the educational process aimed at developing the students’ creative abilities. Conclusions: The development of intelligence increases the possibility of mastering complex activities, and the dominance of cognitive needs gives rise to the ability to be creative. The decisive role in the development of a student as a creative personality is the teacher’s position as of researcher and the value of knowledge. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract)

Diabetes is a serious health issue that causes a progressive dysregulation of carbohydrate metabolism due to insufficient insulin hormone, leading to consistently high blood glucose levels. According to the epidemiological data, the prevalence of diabetes has been increasing globally, affecting millions of individuals. It is a long-term condition that increases the risk of various diseases caused by damage to small and large blood vessels. There are two main subtypes of diabetes: type 1 and type 2, with type 2 being the most prevalent. Genetic and molecular studies have identified several genetic variants and metabolic pathways that contribute to the development and progression of diabetes. Current treatments include gene therapy, stem cell therapy, statin therapy, and other drugs. Moreover, recent advancements in therapeutics have also focused on developing novel drugs targeting these pathways, including incretin mimetics, SGLT2 inhibitors, and GLP-1 receptor agonists, which have shown promising results in improving glycemic control and reducing the risk of complications. However, these treatments are often expensive, inaccessible to patients in underdeveloped countries, and can have severe side effects. Peptides, such as glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), are being explored as a potential therapy for diabetes. These peptides are postprandial glucose-dependent pancreatic beta-cell insulin secretagogues and have received much attention as a possible treatment option. Despite these advances, diabetes remains a major health challenge, and further research is needed to develop effective treatments and prevent its complications. This review covers various aspects of diabetes, including epidemiology, genetic and molecular basis, and recent advancements in therapeutics including herbal and synthetic peptides. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract)

The study examines attitudes of teachers toward giftedness and education of gifted pupils. It shows that teachers can be divided into two groups (clusters). Those with a positive relationship toward giftedness and education of the gifted understand better the significance of giftedness for society and are less encumbered with myths and worries about elitism than teachers with generally negative attitudes toward giftedness. Creating a positive attitude toward this issue of problems is mostly related to one's own experience with the gifted. The relationship between attitudes and preferred forms of gifted education or a teacher's specialization has not been found. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract)

At the K-12 level one assumes that mathematically gifted students identified by out-of-level testing are also creative in their work. In professional mathematics, "creative" mathematicians constitute a very small subset within the field. At this level, mathematical giftedness does not necessarily imply mathematical creativity but the converse is certainly true. In the domain of mathematics, are the words creativity and giftedness synonyms? In this article, the constructs of mathematical creativity and mathematical giftedness are developed via a synthesis and analysis of the general literature on creativity and giftedness. The notions of creativity and giftedness at the K-12 and professional levels are compared and contrasted to develop principles and models that theoretically "maximize" the compatibility of these constructs. The relevance of these models is discussed with practical considerations for the classroom. The paper also significantly extends ideas presented by Usiskin (2000). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract)

The article discusses the definition of giftedness. There is also the possibility that we can only define something after we understand it sufficiently. If so, then the definition would come after intensive study rather than before it. Perhaps expectations of a complete and universally agreeable definition are too reductionist in nature. A single definition would defy the principles of the cultural and temporal relativity of the concept of giftedness. The fact that we have been able to establish a definition of giftedness composed by some of the best minds working in the field at the time, and yet it has not had the power to be as influential as we might expect does not bode well for the idea of composing a universal definition in the future. The fact that even the federal definition has gone through at least three iterations in 30 years indicates that defining giftedness will probably continue to be a dynamic process. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)

In an exploratory study designed to investigate Shona culture of Zimbabwe's views of giftedness, data were collected from sixteen Zimbabwean academics of Shona cultural background. Using questionnaire narratives, the study established that Shona culture views giftedness as an unusual ability blessed in an individual through ancestry which enables him/her to perform with unparalleled expertise even in challenging domains. The hallmarks of Shona culture's views of giftedness are ability to succeed, solve problems, creativity, interpersonal relationships and spirituality. When values are held constant, Shona culture's views of giftedness do not differ from views in contemporary psychology. The study recommends fusing together cultural and modern views of giftedness in the school curriculum in order to develop a diversity of talents in students. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract)

Those concerned with the achievement of gifted women presume that gifted females understand giftedness in the same manner as professionals and that gifted women believe they are gifted. In this qualitative (grounded theory) study, the experiences of six gifted females between the ages of 18 and 25 were examined in an attempt to understand how they perceive and experience giftedness. It is concluded that alienation or lack of interpersonal support for being gifted is connected to the tendency to perceive giftedness as separate from intelligence and as external, to have unclear life goals, and to find little value in being gifted during the developmental period of 'emerging adulthood'. On the other hand, strong interpersonal support for being gifted--especially in close relationships - is connected to the tendency to have an internalized sense of giftedness, to perceive giftedness as synonymous with intelligence, to have a clear future direction and to re-evaluate giftedness in emerging adulthood as having importance and value. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract)

The identification of gifted children is a paradoxical issue in the scientific literature. This topic is largely underrepresented, in spite of the complexity of the questions it raises. The concept of identification of giftedness is a multifaceted topic. From a theoretical point of view, the definitions of giftedness diverge. From a methodological point of view, the domains of measurement, the techniques of evaluation and the criteria used are also extremely variable. The limits of the "traditional" psychometric approach to giftedness are presented starting from the example of the WISC. Several questions are addressed: the value of the identification threshold, the relevance of available norms and psychometric qualities of this test. Finally, prospects offered by Item Response Models to renew the psychometric approach to the identification of giftedness are considered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract)