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Reports an error in "Direct measurement of scientific giftedness" by Robert J. Sternberg ( Roeper Review: A Journal on Gifted Education, 2018[Apr-Jun], Vol 40[2], 78-85). In the original article, there was an error on page 80, left column, in a sentence beginning on the fourth line of the first paragraph under the heading “OUR TESTS OF SCIENTIFIC REASONING AND REASONING ABOUT TEACHING.” The correct text should read as follows: Instead of measuring general cognitive skills, we focused on the particular cognitive and scientific skills needed by scientists. (The descriptions below also provided the basis for analyses in Sternberg & Sternberg, 2017; Sternberg et al., 2017.) In addition, on page 79, left column, the heading “THEORY UNDERLYING OUR TESTS OF SCIENTIFIC REASONING AND REASONING ABOUT TEACHING” should have included the following footnote: The theory described in this section also has been used in prior analyses (Sternberg, 2017; Sternberg et al., 2017). (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2018-16871-004). Giftedness in science today is largely measured by various kinds of standardized tests—IQ tests, SATs, ACTs, GREs, and so forth. For example, many STEM (science, technology, engineering, math) gifted programs rely at least in part on IQ tests or the SAT for identifying students as gifted. It might be useful to supplement such standard measures with measures that directly measure the skills involved in actual scientific work, such as (a) generating hypotheses, (b) generating experiments, (c) drawing conclusions, (d) reviewing (i.e., analyzing scientific work), (e) editing (i.e., evaluating reviews of scientific work), and (f) evaluating teaching. This article discusses the status of the measurement of scientific giftedness and also describes assessments designed to measure scientific giftedness as well as giftedness in evaluating teaching (an important component of scientific success). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)

[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 40(3) of Roeper Review: A Journal on Gifted Education (see record 2018-38625-011). In the original article, there was an error on page 80, left column, in a sentence beginning on the fourth line of the first paragraph under the heading “OUR TESTS OF SCIENTIFIC REASONING AND REASONING ABOUT TEACHING.” The correct text should read as follows: Instead of measuring general cognitive skills, we focused on the particular cognitive and scientific skills needed by scientists. (The descriptions below also provided the basis for analyses in Sternberg & Sternberg, 2017; Sternberg et al., 2017.) In addition, on page 79, left column, the heading “THEORY UNDERLYING OUR TESTS OF SCIENTIFIC REASONING AND REASONING ABOUT TEACHING” should have included the following footnote: The theory described in this section also has been used in prior analyses (Sternberg, 2017; Sternberg et al., 2017).] Giftedness in science today is largely measured by various kinds of standardized tests—IQ tests, SATs, ACTs, GREs, and so forth. For example, many STEM (science, technology, engineering, math) gifted programs rely at least in part on IQ tests or the SAT for identifying students as gifted. It might be useful to supplement such standard measures with measures that directly measure the skills involved in actual scientific work, such as (a) generating hypotheses, (b) generating experiments, (c) drawing conclusions, (d) reviewing (i.e., analyzing scientific work), (e) editing (i.e., evaluating reviews of scientific work), and (f) evaluating teaching. This article discusses the status of the measurement of scientific giftedness and also describes assessments designed to measure scientific giftedness as well as giftedness in evaluating teaching (an important component of scientific success). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract)

In this article, I describe the 21 ideas underlying a 42-year search to understand giftedness. I present the ideas roughly chronologically, in the order in which they arose, and discuss how in a career as in science, progress means supplementing or even superseding one idea with the next. In terms of the 21 ideas, I start with a discussion of how I thought IQ tests could account for giftedness and end with a discussion of the ACCEL (Active Concerned Citizenship and Ethical Leadership) model. But I frame the article in terms of a paradox—that despite the fact that IQs rose 30 points during the 20th century, people often seem to be operating at an intellectual level that is not notably higher and may even be lower in some respects than in previous times. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract)

In this article, I discuss the application of an augmented theory of successful intelligence to identification, teaching, and assessment of the gifted in STEM disciplines. The theory holds that giftedness in STEM (as well as in other fields) can be understood in terms of an integration of creative, analytical, practical, and wisdom-based skills. First, I introduce the general issues underlying the article. Then, I discuss the relevance of the theory to identification. Next, I consider issues relevant to teaching the gifted in STEM disciplines. Finally, I draw some conclusions regarding the teaching of the gifted in STEM. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract)

What is it that leads children to be similar in some ways but different in others, whether they are identical twins, fraternal twins, ordinary siblings, or simply two children of the same age? This chapter will deal with this question. The focus of the chapter will be on cognitive skills, although, of course, children can be similar and different with respect to many other kinds of skills as well. The chapter is divided into five parts. In the first part of the chapter, I will briefly describe seven main paradigms that have been used for understanding individual differences in cognitive development. In the second part of the chapter, I will discuss at some length three of these paradigms for understanding individual differences in cognition. In the third part of the chapter, I will discuss origins and stability of individual differences, in particular, issues of heritability and modifiability of cognitive skills. In the fourth part of the chapter, I will discuss extremes in individual differences: giftedness and retardation in cognitive skills. In the fifth part of the chapter, I will discuss group differences and their relationship to individual differences in cognitive skills. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: chapter)

Wisdom always has been important in human thought and action, especially its ethical component, but it has become far more important in the context of twenty-first century globalization, which features highly complex, turbulent socioeconomic conditions and technological developments. To what extent does gifted education address wisdom? In order to keep the scope of the analysis within reason, this chapter focuses most of the attention on the ethical dimensions of wisdom, which are many and diverse. Some of the specific topics addressed by scholars who explore giftedness and talent development include the lack of fit between ethical thought and action; the importance of ethics in the development of gifted young people due to their impressive cognitive capacities; social-emotional influences on ethical behavior; and problems arising from the ways in which general education does not address the needs of the gifted. It is obvious that investigators studying giftedness have explored a wide variety of topics relevant to wisdom but there are some topics that are especially pertinent. These include some turbulent intrapersonal, psychological dynamics; programming specifically designed to strengthen wisdom; moral reasoning, global awareness, and character education; and the ethical dilemma of socioeconomic inequality. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: chapter)

This book is a scholarly overview of modern concepts, definitions, and theories of intellectual giftedness, and of past and current developments in the field of gifted education. The authors consider, in some detail, the roles of intelligence, creativity, and wisdom in giftedness and the interaction between culture and giftedness, as well as how giftedness can be understood in terms of a construct of developing expertise. The authors also review and discuss a set of key studies that address the issues of identification and education of children with intellectual gifts. This volume maybe used as a summary overview of the field for educators, psychologists, social workers, and other professionals who serve intellectually gifted children and their families. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: book)

Thinking and writing about creativity immediately causes us to reflect upon our own experiences and wonder whether or not we think of ourselves as being creative people. This chapter describes an approach to developing creative activities and creativity in children, particularly, ways of influencing teacher behaviors to identify, promote, and develop creative teaching and the strategies for infusing creativity in educational experiences. The chapter provides a brief description on new directions in creativity program (NDC); the three-ring conception of giftedness; the schoolwide enrichment model; and the challenge of change in the real world of schools. The NDC includes five volumes: Mark A, Mark B, Mark I, Mark 2, and Mark 3. The NDC program is designed to help teachers develop the creative thinking abilities of primary and middle grade youngsters, and the premise of NDC is that almost all children have the potential to think creatively and that creative production can be improved by providing systematic learning experiences that foster the use of imagination. The general purpose of NDC can best be explained by contrasting the creative or divergent production abilities with the convergent production abilities emphasized in most elementary school classrooms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: chapter)

Considers intelligence in its cultural context, discussing the definition of culture and what intelligence is across cultures and looking further at the special case of giftedness across cultures. After describing alternative models of the relationship of culture to intelligence, the author presents some studies of intelligence in its cultural context, and then discusses the concepts of culture-fair and culture-relevant testing, arguing that there is no such thing as a fully "culture-fair" test. Finally, the author argues for the importance of wisdom in all conceptions of intelligence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: chapter)

In the discourse on the intellectual styles of exceptional learners, three specific issues readily present themselves. The first issue is the diversity of exceptional learners. By exceptional learners, one refers to a heterogeneous group of learners that includes, among others, learners with dyslexia, learners with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), learners with autism spectrum disorder, and highly able or gifted learners. The question is whether there are distinct intellectual styles or profiles of styles for distinct groups of exceptional learners. The second issue has to do with the connection between abilities and styles. Perhaps what set exceptional learners apart from normal nonexceptional learners are their profiles of marked strengths and weaknesses, which are likely to correspond to their areas of giftedness and deficits. It is likely that there is a possibly stronger ability-style connection among exceptional learners, given that exceptionality is often defined in terms of abilities (talents) or disabilities (deficits). The question is whether or not exceptional learners are predisposed to prefer specific intellectual styles in line with their abilities and disabilities. The third issue is the role of intellectual styles in the teaching and learning of exceptional learners. Given the possibly stronger ability-style connection, the question is whether or not instruction matching intellectual styles of exceptional learners should assume greater importance in the effective teaching and learning of these more able and more vulnerable learners. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: chapter)

To understand giftedness, and particularly intellectual giftedness, one must understand intelligence. But what is intelligence? In 1921, when the editors of the Journal of Educational Psychology asked 14 famous psychologists that question, the responses varied, but generally embraced two themes. First, intelligence involves the capacity to learn from experience. Second, it involves the ability to adapt to the surrounding environment. Sixty-five years later, 24 cognitive psychologists with expertise in intelligence research were asked the same question (Sternberg & Detterman, 1986). They, too, underscored the importance of learning from experience and adapting to the environment. They also broadened the definition to emphasize the importance of metacognition—people’s understanding and control of their own thinking processes. Contemporary experts also more heavily emphasized the role of culture. They pointed out that what is considered intelligent in one culture may be considered less intelligent in another culture (Ang, Van Dyne, & Tan, 2011). To summarize, intelligence is the capacity to learn from experience, using metacognitive processes to enhance learning, and the ability to adapt to the surrounding environment; it may require different adaptations within different social and cultural contexts (Niu & Brass, 2011; Saklofske, van de Vijver, Oakland, Mpofu, & Suzuki, 2015; Sternberg, 2004). According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word intelligence entered our language in about the 12th century. Today, we can look up intelligence in numerous dictionaries, but most of us still have our own implicit ideas about what it means to be smart. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: chapter)

The study of gifts and talents and how innate abilities interact with one's environment, personality, educational opportunities, family support, and life experiences has fascinated psychologists, educators, and parents for decades. Why is it that one child with remarkably high potential born into a particular family in a particular environment grows up to become a neurosurgeon while a child of similar intellectual potential who lives in the same community and attends the same schools, decides to drop out of high school? What have researchers and scholars learned in the last few decades about the nature of talent development and intellectual giftedness? In this chapter, these questions, none of which can be answered simply, are discussed and current research about intellectual giftedness is summarized. As the research points out, one of the core concepts that has emerged about intellectual giftedness in the last few decades relates to its diversity, for there is no more varied group of people than those labeled intellectually gifted. Despite this broad diversity, however, several common themes about intellectual giftedness and the conditions for its development exist. We begin our review of the research related to intellectual giftedness with a discussion of these themes, summarizing highlights about research on intellectual giftedness in the United States, including the seminal work of Lewis Terman, and presenting an overview of what we believe to be some interesting and potentially important American theories to date. We conclude the chapter with some interesting research-based trends related to new ideas in defining and developing academic gifts and talents. It is important to understand, however, that there is no agreed-upon consensus about who is gifted and no final answers about our evolving understandings of how intellectual giftedness develops and the characteristics that help us to identify and nurture intellectual gifts and talents. To introduce the challenge associated with both defining and identifying giftedness in students, four brief case studies are introduced in the first section of the chapter. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: chapter)

This reprinted article originally appeared in Parenting for High Potential, June 1997. The article provides an alternative to the over-reliance upon traditional intelligence testing or using only an IQ score as the primary indicator of giftedness. Rather, the author offers his theory of successful intelligence, whereby individuals identify and cultivate their strengths and figure out ways to compensate or correct for their relative weaknesses. The author punctuates the explanation of his theory with a call to action for parents and teachers; research findings suggest that students who are offered instruction in ways that allow them to play to their strengths and minimize their weaknesses outperform those who were not offered such flexibility. In short, not scoring high on a traditional intelligence test can be overcome by considering strengths more broadly and playing to those strengths. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: book)