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  • Who is creative? Who might we call a genius? What is meant when we say someone is gifted? These three concepts—creativity, genius, and giftedness—are distinct, and yet closely related as well. Any two can be found in the absence of the other, albeit sometimes a person might exhibit all three at once. As a manifestation of these contrasts, the three concepts have distinctive histories in the empirical literature. This chapter examines the three concepts more closely. It discusses the role of education in the nurturance of creators, geniuses, and the gifted, whether separately or together. The chapter begins by treating each construct as distinct, and then turns to ways that they might be combined into a more comprehensive concept. As will become apparent, only two combinations, each involving two concepts, have real applicability. Education and training is most often dedicated to teaching someone to filter out the irrelevant, and yet creativity requires consideration of the superficially irrelevant—the proverbial 'thinking outside the box.' Hence, by definition, creativity cannot be inculcated, only encouraged. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: chapter)

  • Although Catharine Cox's (1926) study of 301 geniuses was published as the second volume of Lewis Terman's (1925-1959) five-volume Genetic Studies of Genius, it adopts a completely different approach to addressing the relation between early intellectual giftedness and later adulthood achievement. Rather than a psychometric prospective study of high-IQ children. Cox conducted a historiometric retrospective study of eminent creators and leaders, estimating early IQs from biographical data. For a subset of 100 geniuses, she also augmented the IQ scores with measures on 67 character traits, and thereby established the key role played by personality factors, most notably drive and persistence. The net result is a monograph that represents the greatest single historiometric investigation ever conducted, providing a model for subsequent research on the relation between IQ and achieved eminence in both creativity and leadership. Later inquiries also reinforced the supreme importance of motivational factors in attaining success. Future research should update the list of eminent creators and leaders for whom we have comparable IQ estimates. In addition, the inventory of personality variables should expand to include several omitted factors, including traits associated with subclinical psychopathology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: chapter)

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