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  • Among many definitions, it is acceptable to say that intelligence is the capacity to reason, design, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, acquire knowledge, and learn from experience. Intelligence is at the pinnacle of a model of intellectual abilities that include the cognitive domains of verbal and spatial capacities and memory. Gifted individuals are those who demonstrate outstanding levels of aptitude (defined as an exceptional ability to reason and learn) or competence in one or more areas. Genetic studies of gifted children are based on measuring cognitive ability using a general cognitive ability index called "g" which is the standard indicator of giftedness. The pioneers researching this field were Francis Galton, Lewis Terman, and Leta Hollingworth, who carried out studies on gifted children and concluded that giftedness is inherited. Heritability of g was estimated as 50%, therefore the rest of the variance can be attributed to environmental factors. Genotype-environment correlation plays a major role in the development of giftedness and talent and may be the reason why the heritability of intelligence increases with age. At least one project to study quantitative trait loci (QTL) of IQ has sought to establish QTLs associated with g; some of the g related genes that have been studied in this project are APOE, COMT, and AR among others. A study on monozygotic male twins argues the existence of a connection between high intelligence and high testosterone levels in the prenatal fetus; however, recently published data suggest it can be only one of the possible biological factors involved in brain organization and cognitive functions modulation. Heritability of intelligence has become increasingly more comprehensible; however, the biologic mechanism of genes involved in this heritability is not clear; therefore it is imperative to carry out multivariate genetic analyses with the power to estimate changes in gene and environmental influences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: chapter)

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