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  • This chapter discusses the neuropsychology of gifted children including history and assessment, neurobiology, the existing literature, specific hypothetical substrates: neurohormones; localization models, and the pathology of superiority, pathology of superiority, and finally, special considerations for assessment. Much of our knowledge about neurocognition has been derived from the study of pathology. This is logical, as exploring the exceptional is clarifying. The exceptional exaggerates normal traits or processes and renders them more visible, or it exposes aberrance and disease process. Most of our research focuses on the left tail of the normal curve, paying little attention to the able. The right tail is just as statistically unusual, albeit neglected. This is because the study of talent and intellectual ability is a suspect preoccupation. Finding research funds to study giftedness has been likened to "begging for the rich." Much of the data gathered on the neurobiology of intellectually exceptional individuals is gleaned from control group data, unfunded research, or as a serendipitous finding. Despite this, a literature on the exceptionally capable exists, scattered broadly through the neurobiology literature. Before exploring the topic in detail, it is helpful to define terms. The first premise of this chapter is that giftedness exists and is measurable through a number of methods. Gifted refers to individuals functioning in the top 3-5% in the nation, on objective, standardized measures or to individuals performing at an elite level in specific, recognized domains such as music. Giftedness refers to a series of particular talents and abilities that are not evenly distributed. As such, it is a loaded concept. Much of the educational literature on giftedness is a study of cultural anxiety. Intellectual ability is not character or moral value. The most common attempts to cope with this moral anxiety is by negating the existence of individual difference, which often leads to surreal arguments (e.g., "every child is gifted" is of equivalent value to "every child is retarded"). Premise number two of this chapter is that there are biological underpinnings or qualitative differences in thought processes that require qualitative differences in the neural substrates. Third, talents can coexist with impairment and this impairment can be environmentally driven. The full expression of an emergent talent or deficit is a product of both internal and external factors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: chapter)

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