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  • The typologies of Spranger, Kretschmer, Jung, Jaensch, and Pfahler are reviewed and comparisons among them are made, showing interrelationships and differences. Studies of the contributions of heredity in temperament, morality, intelligence, and special abilities and giftedness are surveyed. It is emphasized that likenesses are easier to demonstrate among identical twins but do exist among other relationships. Constitutional factors cannot be changed, in that a cyclothymic cannot be transformed into a schizophrenic. However, the markings of environment will strengthen certain tendencies and push others into the background. For example, poverty and misery might increase tendencies toward anger in one of a manic make-up to the point that this becomes a habit or pattern, over which the individual has no control. Thus, the use of such discipline as corporal punishment may have unforeseen effects, beyond the intended purposes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: create)

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